Archive for the ‘Greencon Wind Power’ Category

The water intensity of energy

Whenever water shortages loom anywhere, we hear about how much “embodied water” there is in various products. According to the Water Footprint Network, producing a slice of bread requires 11 gallons of water and producing a pound of beef takes 1,800 gallons. The same sort of analysis can be done with our energy sources. As with foods, different types of energy have different water intensities.

Electricity:

Electricity generation is highly variable in its water-intensity. Roughly 89% of U.S. electricity is produced in “thermoelectric” power plants. These are plants that use heat from burning coal or natural gas or from controlled nuclear fission to generate steam, which then spins turbines. Water is used to create the steam, and then more water is used to cool that steam, condensing it back into water.

Most thermoelectric power plants built before 1970 have “open-loop” or once-through cooling systems that result in relatively little evaporation–though significantly warmer water is returned to the river or other source from which it was taken (which has its own environmental costs).

Most newer plants use “closed-loop” recirculation cooling; far less water is required, but most of that evaporates (consumptive use). Averaged nationwide, 0.47 gallons of water is consumed (evaporated) for each kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity produced by thermoelectric plants, according to a 2003 paper by researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production.

Most of our electricity not produced by thermoelectric power plants is generated by hydroelectric plants. This accounts for about 9% of the U.S. total. Hydroelectric plants don’t heat water to create steam, so water isn’t needed for cooling, but they use a lot of water nonetheless. Most hydropower is generated by damming rivers to create reservoirs. These reservoirs have significantly larger surface areas than the free-flowing rivers prior to damming, and evaporation from these reservoirs can be significant. Hydrologists produce “free water surface evaporation” maps to model this evaporation, which varies greatly by climate.

For the NREL study mentioned above, researchers calculated evaporation from the 120 largest power-generation reservoirs in the U.S. (representing 65% of total hydropower generation) and used that data to extrapolate evaporation from all of the nation’s 2,300 power-generation reservoirs: 9.05 billion gallons per day. Here’s how the water consumption from hydroelectric power generation in a few states compares: 18 gallons/kWh in Colorado, 21 gal/kWh in California, 65 gal/kWh in Arizona, and 137 gal/kWh in Oklahoma. Nationally, the average is 18 gal/kWh.

By weighting thermoelectric and hydroelectric power generation sources, the NREL report calculated an average water-intensity of electricity in the U.S. to be 2.0 gal/kWh. So if you use 500 kWh per month, that’s requiring, on average, 1,000 gallons of water.

Oil and gas:

Electricity isn’t the only form of energy that requires a lot of water to produce. According to a 2006 U.S. Department of Energy report to Congress, Energy Demands on Water Resources, conventional onshore oil extraction consumes relatively little water: 0.12 to 0.31 gallons of water per gallon of oil (0.8 – 2.2 gal/million Btu). But “enhanced” oil recovery practices, which are becoming increasingly common, are much more water-intensive. These practices range from 1.9 gal water/gal oil (14 gal/million Btu) to over 300 gal water/gal oil (2,500 gal/million Btu). Extracting oil from tar sands in Alberta takes 20-50 gallons/million Btu. Another 1.0 to 2.5 gallons of water are required to process and transport each gallon of oil (7-18 gal/million Btu).

With natural gas, conventional onshore extraction requires negligible water use, but processing and transport averages 3 gal water/million Btu. New “hydraulic fracturing” techniques (sometimes referred to as “frac’ing”), as are being used to recover natural gas from the Marcellus Shale formation, use a great deal of water (and contaminate that water in the process).

Renewables:

On the renewable energy front, some biofuels, especially ethanol produced from corn, are very water-intensive. A 2008 paper in the journal Environmental Science & Technology reported that a light-duty vehicle driven on an E85 fuel (85% ethanol) “consumes” a remarkable 28 gallons of water per mile! Utility-scale solar-thermal power plants that focus sunlight to super-heat an oil heat-transfer fluid, which in turn generates steam, require a lot of water, and that’s an issue in the desert environment where these are being built. (Some other solar-thermal technologies rely on Stirling engine technology, instead of steam turbines, so use almost no water.)

Bottom line: Save Energy to Conserve Water!

The bottom-line conclusion from all this–you saw this coming!–is that by conserving energy we save a lot of water. Replacing incandescent light bulbs with CFLs, upgrading to Energy Star appliances, insulating your house–virtually any energy improvement you make–will also save water. Some experts say this is really important; in the coming decades fresh water could become a more limited resource than energy.

April 19 (Bloomberg) — Iberdrola SA won approval to build the world’s largest onshore wind-energy project in Romania, requiring at least $2 billion in investment through 2017.

The Spanish utility said today it acquired rights from the Romanian government to build 1,500 megawatts of capacity. That’s almost five times the power coming from Europe’s largest wind complex and triple what’s proposed offshore Massachusetts in a project opposed by the late U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy.

Iberdrola, which became the world’s biggest wind-farm owner by using government incentives and charging above-market electricity rates for clean energy, now operates in 10 markets including the U.S. and U.K. The Romanian mega-park, near its operations in neighboring Hungary, may extend the Spanish company’s lead over second-ranked wind producer FPL Group Inc. of Florida.

Romania generates much of its electricity by burning oil and gas, which can be easily scaled back during a windy day to allow for surges of power from windmills, said Will Young, a wind energy analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in London.

“That makes Romania an attractive market,” Young said today in an interview. “Romania has relatively high power prices and flexible energy generation that allows power producers to feed in electricity easily.”

Additionally, the government may approve a law later this year to double the number of “green certificates” eligible for wind power and boost the total price per megawatt-hour by 25 percent, Young said.

The company’s Iberdrola Renovables SA renewable-energy unit plans 50 Romanian wind parks that would supply the equivalent of almost 1 million homes, it said in astatement. The project amounts to a third of the new wind power

Iberdrola plans for Eastern Europe, after investing 100 million euros there in 2009.

Black Sea

The average cost to buy and install wind turbines around the world is about 1.3 million euros ($1.75 million) a megawatt, according to New Energy Finance. Using those figures, Iberdrola’s Dobrogea project in southeastern Romania on the Black Sea would cost more than $2 billion.

A spokesman for Iberdrola Renovables in Spain, who declined to be identified in line with company policy, wouldn´t comment on the investment needed.

Iberdrola’s total net investment last year was 2.06 billion euros, the company said in a February presentation to investors. Iberdrola has a “flexible approach to investment” and has only committed to spend 9.6 billion euros of the estimated 16 billion-euro net investment planned through 2012, the company said at the time.

T

urbine Prices

Prices for turbines fell about 18 percent last year and wind farm operators like Iberdrola are benefiting from the lower costs, said New Energy Finance’s Young. European Union policies to help reduce dependence on fossil fuel-based power generation a

re also an incentive for the project, he said.

Iberdrola reported installed capacity at the end of last year of about 44,000 megawatts, of which natural gas-fired plants account for 30 percent, renewable energy 25 percent and hydropower stations 23 percent. Iberdrola Renovables plans to increase its installed capacity to 16,000 megawatts by 2012 from 11,294 megawatts at the end of March.

Like FPL, Iberdrola has grown to be one of the world’s largest investor-owned utilities partly because of rapid expansion in wind energy. Wind and biomass are typically the cheapest sources of renewable energy and plants using them can be built faster than large-scale solar or geothermal installations.

FPL, China

The company, ranked by megawatts of wind-energy in operation, is followed by Juno Beach, Florida-based FPL and China Guodian Corp. of Beijing, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

Iberdrola’s American depositary receipts in the U.S. fell 11 cents to $34.70 as of 5:10 p.m. New York time.

The Dobrogea complex will dwarf Whitelee, Europe’s current record-holder, a 322-megawatt wind installation near Glasgow that is owned by Iberdrola’s Scottish Power unit. Whitelee is scheduled to be expanded to about 600 megawatts in a few years.

The Cape Wind offshore wind project in Nantucket Sound would have capacity of 420 megawatts. The project, proposed by Energy Management Inc., has been fought by Kennedy, whose family owns a compound on the shores of Cape Cod.

Iberdrola’s Romanian partner is Eolica Dobrogea. That company, part-owned by Swiss engineering firm NEK Umwelttechnik AG and C-Tech Srl. and Rokura Srl., both Romanian, will secure building permits, Iberdrola said.

Global wind energy markets are expected to continue their rapid growth, with the world’s wind power capacity increasing by 160% over the coming five years, according to the annual industry forecast presented by the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC).

GWEC said that it expects that the global installed wind capacity will reach 409 GW by 2014, up from 158.5 GW at the end of 2009. This assumes an average growth rate of 21% per year, which is conservative compared to the 29% average growth that the wind industry experienced over the past decade. The organization predicts that in 2014, total wind capacity additions will be more than 60 GW, up from the 38.3 GW of annual wind capacity installations in 2009.

“Even in the face of a global recession and financial crisis, wind energy continues to be the technology of choice in many countries around the world. Wind power is clean, reliable and quick to install, so it is the most attractive solution for improving supply security, reducing CO2 emissions, and creating thousands of jobs in the process,” said Steve Sawyer, GWEC Secretary General. “All of these qualities are of key importance, even more so in times of economic uncertainty.”

GWEC will present its full annual Global Wind 2009 Report at the European Wind Energy Conference in Warsaw on April 21 2010, which will include a five year forecast for the development of the global wind energy market. In the past, these projections have regularly been outstripped by the actual performance of the industry and have had to be adjusted upwards. Despite the ramifications of the financial crisis, 2009 was no exception.

The two markets leading global wind power expansion will continue to be the U.S. and China, whose markets have exceeded all expectations in recent years.

North America Wind Development

While in the U.S., the development for 2010 will be hampered by continued tightness in the financial markets and the overall economic downturn, the provisions of the US government’s Recovery Act, and in particular the grant programs, will continue to counteract the impacts of the crisis.

Coupled with legislative uncertainty at the federal level in Canada, the result is that the North American market is forecast to stay flat for the next couple of years, and then pick up again in 2012, to reach a cumulative total of 101.5 GW by 2014 (up from 38.5 GW in 2009). This would translate into an addition of 63 GW in the US and Canada over the next five years.

Canada could see a boost from offshore projects however. This week Windstream Wolfe Island Shoals Inc., a subsidiary of Windstream Energy LLC was awarded a Feed-in Tariff contract by the Ontario Power Authority to develop Canada’s first offshore wind site. The 300 MW site is located west of Wolfe Island, Ontario on approximately 48,000 acres of shallow water shoals in Lake Ontario.

“We are extremely excited about the opportunity afforded to us by the government of Ontario and the Ontario Power Authority. The 300MW offshore Wolfe Island site will create hundreds of jobs for the Province of Ontario and the local municipalities. Wolfe Island is one of the windiest areas of the province and has proven local support for wind development. Our project is close to the Lennox Thermal Station, and will offset the use of fossil fuels, by providing power generated by the abundant winds of Lake Ontario,” said Ian Baines, president of Windstream Energy.

Chinese Wind Growth

In China, growth is set to continue at a breathtaking pace. Already in 2009, China accounted for one third of total annual wind capacity additions, with 13.8 GW worth of new wind farms installed. This took China’s total capacity up to 25.9 GW, thereby overtaking Germany as the country with the most wind power capacity by a narrow margin.

China will remain one of the main drivers of global growth in the coming years, with annual additions expected to be over 20 GW by 2014. This development is underpinned by a very aggressive government policy supporting the diversification of the electricity supply and the growth of the domestic industry. The Chinese government has an unofficial target of 150 GW of wind capacity by

Europe and Beyond

Until 2013, Europe will continue to host the largest wind capacity. However, GWEC expects that by the end of 2014, Europe’s installed capacity will stand at 136.5 GW, compared to Asia’s 148.8 GW. By 2014, the annual European market will reach 14.5 GW, and a total of 60 GW will be installed in Europe over this five-year period.

The African wind market isn’t high on many analysts radar, but developer Rainmaker Energy Projects has started full Environmental Impact Assessments for two proposed wind farms situated in the Eastern Cape, South Africa totaling 610 MW. Rainmaker has been conducting on-site feasibility studies for the past year and plans to have all development processes completed by the fourth quarter of 2010.

The two projects are the 550-MW Dorper project covering 150 square kilometers in the vicinity of Molteno and the 60-MW AB’s project covering 20 square kilometers in the vicinity of Indwe.

“The Dorper and AB’s projects have shown the most magnificent wind regime. In terms of average wind speed, mean wind speed and energy profile, they are exceptional. During peak usage times over winter, the Dorper and AB’s projects both consistently have the profile which could almost be compared to a base load power station — complementing South Africa’s energy consumption profile and providing power when its grid is at its most fragile,” said Development Manager for Rainmaker Energy Projects’ Luke Callcott-Stevens.

A number of wind energy projects in South Africa have commenced development during the last three years, but the industry has so far failed to come online. However, the Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) announced in 2009 and the proposed introduction of the Independent Systems Operator by the Department of Energy and the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) promise an imminent breakthrough for the industry.

The proposed Dorper and AB’s projects both have existing transmission grid infrastructure on site. Their development and operation could contribute to the Department of Energy’s self-imposed target of producing 10,000 GWh of renewable energy by the year 2013

As one of the highest energy consumers per capita, this is some interesting news about the input renewable energy can make in a relatively short time.

Europe could meet all its electricity needs from renewable sources by mid-century, according to a report released Monday by services giant PricewaterhouseCoopers.

A “super-smart” grid powered by solar farms in North Africa, wind farms in northern Europe and the North Sea, hydro-electric from Scandinavia and the Alps and a complement of biomass and marine energy could render carbon-based fuels obsolete for electricity by 2050, said the report.

The goal is achievable even without the use of nuclear energy, the mainstay of electricity in France, it said.

Over all, about 50 percent of Europe’s energy demand is met with imported fuels.

Under so-called business-as-usual scenarios, that share could increase to 70 percent in coming decades, according to several projections.

The switch to renewables is more than a matter of energy security, said the report, backed by research from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the European Climate Forum, both based in Potsdam, Germany.

“Substantial and fairly rapid decarbonisation… will have to take place if the world is to have any chance of staying within the 2.0 degree Celsius (3.6 degree Fahrenheit) goal for limiting the effects of global warming,” the report said.

Many scientists have warned that if global temperatures rise more than 2.0 C (3.6 F) by century’s end, Earth’s climate system could spin out of control, unleashing human misery on an unprecedented scale.

Achieving all-renewables electricity will depend less on new technology than on revamping Europe’s legal and regulatory framework, the report argued: “Most of the technical components are available in principle already today.”

To become a reality, such a vision will require a regional power system based on a super-smart grid and the rapid scaling up of all forms of renewable power.

It also depends on a unification of the European power market, and its integration into the North African one, allowing for free trading of electricity between all countries, it said.

“Policies would also need to incorporate mechanisms to disincentivise construction of new fossil fuel power plants,” the report added.

The European Union is on track to meet its goal of supplying 20 percent of its total energy needs from renewable sources by 2020, the European Commission reported earlier this month.

Solar energy leader Spain, along with Germany and Austria, have forged ahead of their targets, more than compensating for Italy, which has lagged behind, the Commission said.

Story from AFP

We should maybe be a little more understanding when we see that some very advanted first world countries are only now beginning to introduce incentives, that help renewable energy adoption.

Article from Bloomburg Media — A Japanese trade ministry panel today proposed expanding the feed-in tariff to require utilities to buy electricity at a premium from hydropower stations, wind turbine and geothermal operators.

Utilities may have to buy renewable power at between 15 yen (17 cents) and 20 yen a kilowatt hour, according to a report released in Tokyo today. The incentive program would run for between 10 and 20 years, it said.

The government wants to supply 10 percent of the country’s primary energy from renewable sources by 2020, compared with about 3 percent in 2007, according to the International Energy Agency. The proposed tariff compares with 5 to 7 yen a kilowatt hour utilities pay for nuclear power and about 8 yen for oil- fired generation, said Tomohiro Jikihara, an analyst at Deutsche Securities Inc. in Tokyo.

“The rate for renewable power, except for solar, should be as high as 20 yen if Japan really wants to boost the use of alternative fuels,” Jikihara said by phone.

Japan introduced a feed-in tariff in November, requiring utilities to buy surplus solar power supplied to the grid by homes and businesses, and pay as much as 48 yen a kilowatt hour.

Japan Wind Development Co. and Japan Power Development Co., known as J-Power, are among companies operating wind farms and geothermal plants.Tokyo Electric Power Co. and nine other regional utilities supply almost all the country’s power.

 

The world’s first floating wind turbine is to be towed out to sea this weekend.

Statoil’s Alexandra Beck Gjorv told the BBC the technology, the Hywind, to be put off Norway’s coast – “should help move offshore wind farms out of sight”.

And it could lead to offshore wind farms eventually being located many miles offshore, away from areas where they cause disruption, Ms Gjorv added.

This would benefit military radar operations, the shipping industry, fisheries, bird life and tourism.

“Taking wind turbines to sea presents new opportunities,” said Ms Gjorv, of Statoil’s new energy division.

“The wind is stronger and more consistent [and] areas are large.”

Floating wind farms are set to be connected to mainland grids via cables across the seabed. The longer the cable, the more expensive it is, so the distance from land is not set to become unlimited, explained Ms Gjorv.

The Hywind, a 2.3 megawatt (MW) wind turbine built by Siemens, combines technologies from both the wind farming industry and the oil and gas sectors, and will be tested off the coast of Norway for two years.

In a similar way to how large parts of icebergs are hidden below the sea surface, the turbine has a 100 metre draft that is anchored to the seabed with cables, that can be up to 700 metres long.

Wealthy customers

Offshore wind farms cost considerably more than wind farms on land, and initially floating ones will be more expensive than static offshore installations.

But over time, insisted Ms Gjorv, the floating turbines should not cost more than fixed ones.

Statoil plans to target markets where there is both an ability to pay as well as large and growing demand for energy, she added.

Floating wind farms could later be established off both coasts of North America and off the Iberian peninsula and the coasts of Norway and the United Kingdom, she said.

Floating wind farms could provide an additional source of energy for countries that have run out of space for their onshore wind farms, or where there is not enough wind on land, Ms Gjorv added.

“The global market for such turbines is potentially enormous, depending on how low we can press costs,” she said, though she was not able to quantify it or to outline a timescale for when floating wind farms would become commercially available. 

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What’s the history of wind energy?

For centuries, people have harnessed the wind’s energy for power, to sail ships (the ancient Egyptians) or to power windmills to grind grain (the Persians). The Dutch are famous for their windmills, which have formed the basis for the design of the modern wind turbines that we see today.

How does wind energy work?

Wind is caused by sunlight unevenly heating the surface of the Earth. During the day, air over the land heats up more quickly than air over the water, making it expand and rise. As it does so, cooler, more dense air rushes in beneath it, creating an air current. Some giant wind currents are driven by hot air at the equator and cool air at the poles. In Britain, we have enough wind to power the country several times over.

Turbines harness this energy by working like an old-fashioned windmill with rotor blades that face into the wind. When the blades are spinning, they drive a shaft that is connected to an electrical generator by a gearbox. Most wind turbines produce electricity when the wind is blowing at 10-30mph. One 1.8mW wind turbine produces enough electricity for 1,000 households every year.

What are wind farms?

Turbines tend to be built together, as “windfarms”, to produce more electricity in places that have strong, steady winds.

Windfarms can be onshore – on ridgelines, at the tops of rounded hills, open plains and gaps in mountains; near shore – on land within 3km of a shoreline, or offshore – generally 10km or more from land.

Onshore windfarm projects are finding it increasingly difficult to get planning approval because opposition to them is becoming more entrenched and better organised.

Offshore farms cost more to build but produce more electricity because they usually stand in open, windier spots. However, current offshore farms can encroach on shipping lanes, affect seabird sanctuaries and disturb marine life, limiting the number of suitable sites.

Wind energy is now available for both large and small-scale electricity generation, with huge technological advances over the past 20 years.

What are the carbon savings?

The UK has some of the best wind resources in Europe, if not the world, in both onshore and offshore locations. This makes the British Isles a very attractive location for wind developments, as high average wind speeds and good reliability results in more power output and lower costs.

The number of windfarms in the UK is steadily increasing. The first windfarm was set up in November 1991. According to the British Wind Energy Association, there are currently 186 operational windfarm projects in the UK, with 2,120 turbines creating enough energy to power the equivalent of 1,523,052 homes and saving 6,156,175 tonnes of carbon.

What are the benefits of wind energy?

Wind is really a form of solar power, so it has similar benefits of being clean, abundant and free. Some estimates suggest there is enough wind to generate one-third of the world’s electricity. Small wind turbines can be used in remote places to power homes that are too far away from the national grid.

What are the arguments against?

The major problem with wind power is that it is intermittent, so it can only be used to generate electricity when the wind is blowing strongly enough. Good sites for wind turbines are often quite remote, either offshore or up on mountainsides, far from the cities where the energy is most needed.

Another argument against large-scale windfarms is their impact on the natural landscape. Because they generally have to be positioned on hills to get the maximum benefits of the wind, some complain that they ruin the landscape.

Onshore windfarm projects are finding it increasingly difficult to get planning approval in the UK because local residents are fighting against windfarms being positioned in their area. There are now 151 UK anti windfarm action groups in the UK which have been formed as a result of windfarm developments planned for local countryside areas.

Another argument made against windfarms – particularly offshore ones- is the threat to birds. However, appropriately positioned windfarms do not pose a significant hazard for birds, says the RSPB.

Source: The Guardian (on-line) 

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Ireland’s Mainstream Renewable Power and local developer Genesis Eco-Energy have announced an €850 million (about R11 billion) plan to develop 18 wind farms by 2014, adding 500MW of electricity to the national grid.
 

The project comes amid increasingly ambitious efforts to kickstart South Africa’s renewable energy sector, driven by its potential to spur growth and create jobs, plus mounting concerns about the contribution of coal-based electricity to climate change.

At a conference yesterday to evaluate the country’s renewable energy target, Minerals and Energy Minister Buyelwa Sonjica said she would like renewable energy to account for between 6 percent and 9 percent of electricity generated by 2013, and between 9 percent and 15 percent by 2018.

The current 2013 renewables target, set six years ago, is equivalent to about 4 percent of projected electricity demand.

The upper range of Sonjica’s desired 2018 target is in line with calls at the recent climate change summit for a 15 percent renewable energy target by 2020.

Davin Chown, the director of operations at Genesis, said the joint venture was ready to start construction of two wind farms with combined capacity of 70MW next year – one in Jeffrey’s Bay and the other at Colesberg. They are expected to be operational in 2011. The other projects would be in Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape, each generating between 30MW and 150MW.

Mainstream and Genesis would put in between 30 percent and 40 percent of the project equity, with the rest debt-funded on a project-by-project basis, Chown said.

Commitments had already been received from local financial institutions such as Absa, while the Development Bank of Southern Africa had put up some funds for the 30MW Jeffrey’s Bay wind farm. One of Mainstream’s investment partners was Barclays Capital.

The company had opted not to wait for the National Energy Regulator of SA (Nersa) to announce the renewable energy feed-in tariff next week, because it had adopted a “bullish and aggressive stance” on the renewables market, Chown said. “We know the renewables market will happen. There’s no other way it can go.”

The company’s projects would require a feed-in tariff for wind energy of between R1 a kilowatt-hour (kWh) and R1.05/kWh, he said. Should the tariff come in below this level, the partners would rethink financing mechanisms.

“It may slow things down … but it’s not going to stop us,” added Chown.

Following hearings last month to assess the initial 65.48c/kWh wind tariff proposed by Nersa, the regulator’s member for electricity, Thembani Bukula, said he believed Nersa had “no other option”, but to raise the tariff in the direction of 90c/kWh.

Chown said Mainstream and Genesis would initially import the turbines from a supplier to be selected in a bidding process. Suppliers were likely to be those with proven technology

Mainstream is to hold a majority stake in the joint venture, with Genesis acting as developer. Local shareholders will take stakes in individual projects.

In one Eastern Cape project, the proceeds accruing to a local trust are to be used to install solar water heaters in community houses.

Chown said the partners were locating the farms on the land of several communities that had benefited from the land restitution programme.

The wind farms are set to supply the national electricity grid, but Mainstream has not yet negotiated a power purchase agreement because of uncertainty about whether Eskom, Nersa or the Department of Minerals and Energy is the correct vehicle.

Mainstream’s chief development officer, Torben Andersen, said South Africa had “excellent” wind resources, with 10 000MW of market potential.

Mainstream has other wind farm projects in Canada, Chile, Scotland, the US and Europe.

Source Business report 

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