Archive for March, 2010

Latest SA Gov movement in “Greener Technologies”, this info is gained from Engineering News, a Creamer Media Division:

The South African government has given strong signals that the country’s energy intensity is no longer sustain-able and has started to outline its low-carbon-economy vision.

To be sure, the move has as much to do with the prevailing electricity imbalances as it does with any international trends or pressures relating to climate change, or aspirations to exploit the so-called ‘green job’ possibilities. In other words, the programme is, arguably, a policy attempt at making virtue of necessity.

That said, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has taken “a serious first step towards the systematic promotion of green and energy efficient goods and services”, with the release of the second version of the Industrial Policy Action Plan (Ipap2), which outlines the direction in which the department wishes to push South Africa’s industrial capabilities.

“Increasing energy costs pose a major threat to manufacturing and render our historical capital- and energy-intensive resource-processing-based industrial path unviable in the future,” notes the DTI.

However, this is not viewed as entirely bad news, as the department also recognises that there are “significant opportunities to develop new ‘green’ and energy efficient industries and related services”.

Trade and Industry Minister Rob Davies explains that, through the Ipap2, government intends to develop proposals to enhance access to concessional industrial financing for investment in Ipap priorities and other productive sectors on terms comparable to those of our major trading partners.

Science and Technology Minister Naledi Pandor has also noted that government’s economic sectors and employment cluster, which has been mandated to grow the economy and create jobs, will finalise a ‘green economy’ plan and present it to Cabinet by July 2010.

“Green jobs will grow both directly and indirectly in the transport, energy, building, manufacturing, agriculture and forestry sectors. There will be employment in the manufacture, installation and operation of clean energy for people like wind turbine engineers, insulation installers, recycling sorters and photovoltaic cell salespeople,” says Pandor.

“Indirectly, there will be jobs in the greener-goods supply chain – from solar cell manufacturers to green building-materials retailers to wind farm maintenance firms to recycling haulers to energy auditors. And, most importantly, there will be battery manufacturers with distribution centres at home and on the road,” she adds.

Government is reportedly already supporting clean energy research at universities, as well as investing in an electric car, and will soon launch the prototype of an ebike.

A recent report by international research organisation the Global Climate Network on the job potential of low-carbon tech- nologies indicates that, directly, some 36 400 jobs and, indirectly, 109 100 jobs could be created in the renewable-energy sector in South Africa by 2020.

Deloitte tax director Duane Newman says that the firm expects to see the emergence of government grants to incentivise business moves towards a low-carbon economy in South Africa.

The first cluster of key sectors identified in the 2010/11 to 2012/13 Ipap2 comprises “qualitatively new areas of focus”, and this is where the green and energy-saving industries are found, and, along with that sector, metal fabrication, capital and transport equipment and agroprocessing also feature.

Good Start, But . . .
“It’s a good start,” says Mainstream Renewable Power South Africa director Davin Chownof the green focus of Ipap2, “but we need something really bold and progressive, given the resource base we have”. “This is a first step in the right direction, but we need something that shows more confidence in the renewable-energy sector,” he tellsEngineering News.

Ipap2 highlights that, in 2007/8, the global market value of the low-carbon green sector was estimated at some $5-trillion, and this figure is expected to rise in light of climate change imperatives.

“Increasing concerns [about] carbon emissions and climate change will have a profound impact on our economic landscape, introducing both threats and opportunities,” cautions the department.

The DTI also touches on the emergence of what is being called ‘eco-protectionism’ – coming from advanced industrial countries in the form of tariff and nontariff measures such as carbon taxes and restrictive standards.

Solar Water Heating
The most attention, under the green and energy-saving industries section of Ipap2, was given to solar water heating, and the DTI notes the Department of Energy’s (DoE’s) commitment to installing one-million solar water heaters (SWHs) by 2014, increasing this goal to 5,6-million SWHs by 2020. This initial commitment will be funded through a mechanism that is currently being developed by the DoE, and is expected to draw on electricity tariffs and funds, such as the World Bank’s Clean Technology Fund (CTF).

The prospect of sustainable demand was expected to attract entrepreneurs to invest in domestic supply capacity.

“The international market, and particularly the African market, should be seen as a source of long-run demand that will outlast any short-term mass roll-out strategy,” emphasises the department.

The Key Action Programme for solar water heating was the roll-out of a national SWH programme and manufacturing and install-ation capacity, through a phased approach to SWH production to increase the local market size and allow long enough lead times for manufacturers to upscale.

The DTI’s SWH milestones are:
• By the second quarter of the 2010/11 financial year (ending March 31, 2011), the DoE will introduce a subsidy programme covering one-million units by 2014.
• By the end of December 2010, the DTI and the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications will publish amended national building regulations to make it compulsory for new buildings and upgrades to homes to install SWHs and other energy efficiency building requirements, from March 2011.
• By the end of September 2010, the DTI will ensure that legislation is enacted to make it compulsory to install a SWH when an existing geyser is replaced.
• Between 2010/11 and 2012/13, DTI incentives and Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) industrial financing will be leveraged to support investment and increasing manufacturing and installation capacity in the SWH value chain.

Sustainable Energy Society of South Africa SWH division head Dylan Tudor-Joneswelcomes the initiatives and looks forward to cooperating with authorities with relevant inputs where needed.

With regard to increasing manufacturing capability, Tudor-Jones warns against premature investment until the demand has been created to justify significant investment, but adds that once the demand is visible, he is “fully behind” incentives to increase manufacturing capability.

The programme hopes to increase SWH installation from 35 000 to 250 000 units a year over the next three years, and to increase manufacturing from 20 000 to 200 000 units a year.

The DTI also recognises that poor-quality products could give the entire industry a bad name, thus the requirement for clear standards for the industry, and the need to unblock the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) testing bottlenecks is vital.

Concentrating Solar Thermal
Concentrating solar thermal (CST) power is viewed as “the most promising renewable- energy generation option in South Africa” and, therefore, should receive priority support, even though wind and biomass should also be explored and developed, says the DTI.

The department notes that the IDC is currently investing in a CST demonstration plant, near Upington, in the Northern Cape, which aims to leverage the renewable-energy feed-in-tariff. This requires that Eskom expedite its Power Purchase Agreement.

The successful demonstration of the viability of the pilot plant will contribute to a broader roll-out of this technology and associated manufacturing opportunities. As CST is a new technology in South Africa, it requires demonstration of commercial viability and broader economic linkages.

In its most recent tariff increase application, State-owned utility Eskom said that it was in advanced discussion with the World Bank to secure a $3,7-billion loan for its capital programmes, including $500-million for a CST project, which would also draw on funds from the CTF extended to South Africa by the World Bank.

“Eskom and [the IDC] have been engaging to find mutually beneficial areas of cooperation, and the solar project is one of a number of possibilities. Our forecast is that there will still be a funding gap after the World Bank funding, and the IDC will be well positioned to close that funding gap,” IDC head of Public Private Partnerships Lindi Toyitells Engineering News.

The IDC says it is “very keen to fund electricity generation” and, since the world is moving towards clean energy generation, solar is one of the IDC’s many clean electricity generation technologies of focus to deliver green jobs throughout the value chain.

With regard to wind technologies, biomass and waste management, Ipap2 merely notes that further work will be done to unpack the potential of these sectors. The DTI expects wind energy generation, biomass and recycling strategies and action plans to have been developed by the fourth quarter of the current financial year.

“From a wind point of view, it is very disappointing, because we have substantive evidence that there is a very strong wind resource – sufficient for a large-scale industry,” adds Chown.

Industrial Energy Efficiency
The DTI states that an industrial energy efficiency programme will be developed by the fourth quarter of the current financial year, including consideration of more attractive financing models and the scaling up of the National Cleaner Production Centre.

This will counteract higher energy prices and lower emissions targets, and create new goods and services. The major outcomes will be more attractive financing options for the introduction of industrial energy efficiency improvements.

A particular area that has been high- lighted as having the potential for significant increases in energy efficiency is the adjustment or replacement of industrial motors. This already falls under Eskom’s demand-side management programme.

Although much attention has been given to energy efficiency after the power crisis caused electricity blackouts in 2008, South Africa is also a water-scarce country, an issue that has also been receiving more attention of late.

Thus, the strengthening of standards related to water efficiency in building and industrial applications has been included in Ipap. This could also lead to industrial and service opportunities, such as the manufacturing and installation of rainwater collection tanks, notes the DTI.

The DTI seeks to strengthen building and commercial water efficiency standards and, to this end, the SABS has been tasked with reviewing and strengthening building and commercial water efficiency standards by the end of March 2011.

At this stage, the DTI will also scope and identify economic opportunities associated with improved water efficiency.

Energy Efficient Vehicles
Initiatives to commercialise a domestically developed electric car, which forms part of the automotive sector intervention in the Ipap2 second cluster, will have broader spillover effects, such as the creation of a legislative and regulatory environment to enable the operation of electric vehicles, relevant testing infrastructure for electric vehicles, local manufacturing for domestic and global markets, initiation of charging infrastructure and electric vehicle educational campaigns.

The DTI notes that the automotive sector will be “profoundly affected” by the long-term shift from the internal combustion engine to cleaner technologies, such as electric vehicles.

By the end of December 2010, the DTI wants approval of investment support measures in place for the manufacture of the electric vehicle and components, as well as the development of a government position on the purchasing, demand stimulation and infrastructure for charging, testing facilities and public education regarding electric vehicles.

Roll-out of public education on electric vehicles is expected by the end of June 2011, while commissioning of the plant will take place in the second quarter. Development of testing facilities is expected by the third quarter, and start of plant construction in the fourth quarter.

By the end of the March 2014 financial year, production of the electric vehicle will start.

The DTI further states that an estimated 160 000 direct jobs will be created in the electric vehicle industry in the next ten years, while investment levels exceeding R20-billion are expected in the next four years, with a further R3-billion a year for the following six years. Greater localisation of componentry will also lead to an improvement in the trade balance.

Higher Targets Needed
“The general sentiment is positive,” says World Wide Fund for Nature living planet unit head Saliem Fakir of the green points of Ipap2. “However, the proof of the pudding is in the detail of how this will unfold. The industrial leg is very dependent on the demand, or push factors, that are driven through the energy complex,” he adds.

None of the green energy benefits, from an industrial point of view, will materialise without the energy complex, particularly the electricity sector driving demand and supply. The crucial issue is scale. Ipap2 needs to identify the scale that is necessary to catalyse investment, or justify investment of scale in the creation of industrial value chains, notes Fakir.

“With no clear long-term renewable- energy target, it is probably going to be hard for the Ministry and the DTI itself to develop an industry off the back of a 10 000-GWh target by 2013. You need a bold renewable- energy strategy and target and, off the back of that, your industrial plan will grow,” says Chown.

The DTI does note that industrial policy and Ipap2 form part of a larger set of interrelated policies and strategies to generate a new labour-intensive and value-adding growth path. Thus the need for a process – led by the Economic Development Department (which sits at provincial level) for stronger articulation and integration of a fuller range of policies to ensure coherence among them, notes the DTI.

Fakir states that many government programmes will have to be coordinated for the effects to translate into the creation of a new industrial base around the green sector.

A scale of demand in renewables and energy efficiency is critical in creating private-sector interest in the development of an industrial or manufacturing base. For instance, around wind, there probably needs to be a demand for between 2 GW and 3 GW of power to incentivise investment from original-equipment manufacturers.

And South Africa’s demand will enable an industrial base that can supply the region, notes Fakir.

In the world of photovoltaics, inverters are the gateway through which the energy of the sun is delivered into a usable format. Discrete, unobtrusive and often fairly non-descript boxes, inverters may be low key, but ultimately their efforts are what make a project economically viable.

Indeed, a new report from French industry analysis firm Yole Developpement confirms that the rapid growth of the solar PV power industry in recent years has created a multi-billion euro market for inverter manufacturers. The company’s market analyst, Brice Le Gouic, suggests that the PV inverter market is set to more than double over the coming years, growing to an estimated €5.91 billion ($8.1 billion) in 2014.

There is certainly a growing market to aim for if the trends evidently emerging from both the latest 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PV-SEC) event in Hamburg and the Solar Power International event in California late last year are anything to go by. The shift towards larger installations and the growing interest of T&D technology companies more typically associated with the conventional power industry are key developments.

According to Yole, there are more than 40 inverter manufacturers currently, most of them established and specialized in solar inverters. But they also identify an evolving supply chain and the growing number of new entrants. With the manufacture of large-scale inverters as their core activity, these new entrants are moving into the sector as solar plant sizes typically increase from, say, 200 kW to megawatt-plus scale installations.

While such players, such as Siemens and ABB, have announced new solar inverter products of late, they remain focused on larger, grid-connected installations, and given this emerging trend, it is likely other major transmission and distribution and utility services companies will follow suit. And there is evidence to support this theory in the market. For example, in a move which may be perhaps seen as an early signpost to the growing interest in the solar PV inverter market, in late September 2008 Schneider Electric, a global specialist in energy management, announced the acquisition of Xantrex, a top three global player in the solar and wind inverter market. Schneider said it expected to realize significant synergies with Xantrex’s technology and distribution channels combined with its own global sales, service and supply chain capabilities.

Even so, the current market leader, Germany-based SMA with a 34% share according to Yole, has seen its revenues grow. In its latest figures to 30 September 2009, SMA reports total sales increased to €560 million ($767 million) in the first nine months while sold inverter output rose from 0.2 GW in the first quarter to 1.2 GW in the third. Specific price was reduced to a claimed €0.25/W in the third quarter of 2009, the company said and as a result of these improved figures, the group estimates it has increased its market share to between 45% and 50% during the year.

Currently, the company has an annual production capacity of 5 GW, but in December 2009 it announced that in the medium term SMA is planning to develop additional production facilities at Sandershaeuser Berg near Niestetal in Germany. The company went on to say that against the ‘background of the current high demand for solar inverters, a further extension of the maximum yearly production capacity to 9–10 GW can be achieved stepwise through interim solutions over the next six months, provided the demand remains at a high level.’

‘The solar sector is a highly dynamic market characterized by strong volatility. Therefore, a lot of flexibility is required in order to quickly adapt to the different market developments’, explained CEO Günther Cramer. SMA is also planning to open an additional 1 GW of manufacturing capacity in the US at Denver, Colorado, for its Sunny Boy, Sunny Central and Sunny Island product lines. ‘In the medium term, we expect the US market to become the largest solar market globally’, noted Cramer.

Certainly, inverters are getting bigger and a centralized architecture is also emerging as a key trend, but there is also the emergence of potentially disruptive technologies, such as micro-inverters, to consider. Micro-inverters are particularly well suited for use in small systems of 1 kWp or less but in larger installations which use string inverters, individual module shading can significantly lower energy output of the entire system, an impact which may be avoided by using individual micro-inverters on each module, (see panel on page 58).

Perhaps recognizing the implications, SMA has also been acquisitive and in September 2009, the group, which is based in Niestetal and employs more than 3000 people, announced the acquisition of a micro-inverter technology platform from the Dutch company OKE-Services. In the coming years, SMA says, it intends to continue to develop the technology and launch its own product range. The acquisition makes it the only manufacturer in the world with a product portfolio which includes all existing inverter technologies for operating PV systems of any size and with optimal technical system configuration, says the company. Both parties have agreed to keep the exact purchase price confidential.

In terms of the inverter market, Yole names Austria’s Fronius as the next largest player in Europe, with 10.1% of market share, closely followed by Kaco with about 9.9%, while Siemens is already one of the top 10 suppliers with close to 2% of market share. The impact from the more recent entry of major companies such as ABB, with its global reach in terms of industrial-scale power, has yet to be realized, but clearly signals the development of a far more competitive market in the near future.

One overriding consideration in inverter design is baseline efficiency, given that any losses within are sliced from the output of the entire array. In a potential nod to the next generation of inverters, the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) claimed a new world record in the summer of 2009 with a PV inverter of 99.03% efficiency based on junction field-effect SiC transistors, which the Institute says are significantly better than the conventional silicon Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) architecture currently in common use.

Alongside the push for ever greater efficiency and lowest cost of operation, another significant trend in inverter technology has been engendered by a tightening of the rules for grid connection in the EU. Under current directives, systems intending to connect to the grid must become progressively more sophisticated with the capability of supplying reactive power to support grid stability. In addition, the rules dictate that grid-connected inverters above a certain capacity must support remote operation from the transmission system operator. Starting in January 2009, this remote-controlled reduction in output has been required by both the Renewable Energy Act in Germany as well as the new guidelines for the connection and parallel operation of generation plants issued by Germany’s Federal Association of Energy Suppliers and Water Utilities (Bundesverband der Energie-und Wasserwirschaft).

Stakes are Raised in the US and Europe

When in October 2009, Mitsubishi Electric announced that it is to introduce two large-scale transformerless photovoltaic inverters to the North American market – a 100 kW model scheduled for launch in October 2010 and a 250 kW model scheduled in April 2011 – the news topped off a remarkable period of activity in the global PV inverter sector. With the development apparently making Mitsubishi the first Japanese manufacturer to enter the North American inverter sector, the company is already facing stiff competition from a host other European and US players vying for US market share.

Mitsubishi says its move has been prompted by policy change in the US, noting that a recent increase in government subsidies has witnessed the development of numerous large PV plants, built mainly for the purpose of receiving returns on investments. These large industrial PV systems of 100 kW and more cover approximately 70% of demand, Mitsubishi says, with the market expected to expand further with the Green New Deal and other federal incentives.

This trend towards larger, centralised systems, though perhaps less marked, has apparently repeated itself in Europe. And, among a swathe of announcements over the latter months of 2009, a series of large-scale transformerless inverter models were revealed by a number of established PV inverter manufacturers. Among them, a new central or grid-tied inverter was unveiled by Switzerland-based Sputnik Engineering, for example. Open land in Hemau, in the district of Regensburg, saw the commissioning of the first 1 MW installation using its new SolarMax 330C-SV. The device has a rated capacity of 330 kW and as many as three SolarMax 330C-SVs can be combined to create effectively a 1 MW station which, as in this case, can then be directly fed into the medium-voltage grid. The company says the use of transformerless technology in the new design has enabled it to cut both the size and the weight of the system by half compared with the previous models. At the same time, the company claims to have boosted efficiency by 1.5% to 98%.

With the growing demands of the regulatory environment influencing the inverter’s design, the system is monitored remotely using a proprietary internet-based data logger and is designed to automatically respond to grid operator requests for a reduction in output to support grid stability.

Kaco New Energy also continues to develop its product range and in 2009 launched its new transformerless large-scale inverter, the Powador XP350-HV TL, with a 350 kW rating and 97.8% maximum efficiency. It can also be supplied in a triple configuration as a megawatt unit.

Matthias Haag, Kaco’s technical director commented: ‘The Powador XP350-HV TL is also specifically designed for large-scale ground-mounted and roof-mounted PV systems. Large-scale PV systems are playing an increasingly important role in Germany and in particular, Italy’.

Similarly, there were several other examples of transformerless product launches in the small to medium commercial scale, for instance LTi REEnergy GmbH unveiled its new PVmaster Outdoor large-scale inverter. Available with 68 kW and 100 kW outputs, the system has a maximum efficiency of 97%. And transformerless technology has expanded its footprint on the domestic scale too, with the first transformerless inverter from Fronius presented at the 2009 Intersolar. The Fronius IG TL is expected to be available in early 2010, after the completion of final testing. Meanwhile, the new Conergy IPG transformerless string inverter system was unveiled in 2009, which, the company says, offers an efficiency level of up to 96.7%. Both ranges support an output of up to 5 kW.

Mainstream Players Catch the Inverter Bug

Looking towards the larger scale and the entry of companies more closely associated with the mainstream transmission and distribution (T&D) and industrial sector we see players such as Converteam, which launched its so-called ProSolar inverter in 2009, offered for power ranges of between 500 kW and several megawatts. Based on IGBT technology and with possible input voltages of more than 1000 V, efficiency of up to 98% is claimed. The system can also immediately communicate unexpected as well as pre-defined events via the internet or SMS and the inverters meet with the grid requirements laid down in the latest directives, the company says. The move marks the company’s entry to the solar sector, having previously been a significant supplier of electrical equipment to the wind industry, among other sectors.

Outside of Europe, US-firm Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. (AE) also introduced its new transformerless, grid-tied PV inverter, the Solaron 250, at Solar Power International. The company says that with a 250 kW capacity, the device is ideal for applications such as commercial rooftop installations and it joins its stable of previously released 333 kW and 500 kW Solaron inverters.

Simultaneously, the company also announced a number of new tie-ins, marking another emerging trend that is seeing inverter and module manufacturers form closer ties to optimize design. For example, the group secured a strategic alliance with Shanghai Guangdian Electric Group (SGEG), which will market AE’s inverters in China, and Advanced Energy also entered into a multi-year agreement with major crystalline-silicon PV module manufacturer Suntech Power Holdings Co Ltd. As a part of this agreement, a statement from the company says, AE will contribute to the development of a simplified, integrated platform for designing and building utility-scale PV plants.

And in a further notable development, September 2009 saw the company launch a European version of its 500 kW inverter, claiming a rated efficiency of 97.5% CEC-weighted or 98.1% European-weighted.

ABB chose the EU PVSEC event to launch its first foray into the solar inverter sector. Aimed at system integrators and end users which require inverters for large PV plants and industrial and commercial buildings, they are available in a range from 100 kW to 500 kW. Developed from its established industrial drives technology, among other features the transformerless inverter offers power factor compensation.

The inverters are optimized for cost-efficient, multi-megawatt solar power plants, ABB says, adding that its PVS800 inverter is modular, compact and fully integrated into the company’s global service network. ABB adds that, initially, it will start the marketing and sales of its new solar inverter series in the German, Italian and Spanish markets.

‘The path ABB is taking now was mapped out long ago’, said Dirk Leinweber, responsible for sales and marketing of PV products at ABB Automation Products in Germany. He added: ‘The company has much experience in the field of converter technology, and has been an acknowledged supplier to leading producers for many years. We are now drawing on this experience to enter the market ourselves.’ Leinweber concluded: ‘The positive feedback from our strong and well-established partners in the solar market puts us in a confident mood.’

Industrial powerhouse Siemens, meanwhile, says its newly launched Sinvert PVM range is ideally suited for large to medium-sized photovoltaic systems and solar power plants of up to 2 MW and is aimed squarely at both PV plant engineers and end users operating in the commercial segment. Using master/slave combinations, PV plant from 60 kVA to 2 MVA can be supplied, the company says, while the use of IGBT technology gives an efficiency of up to 98%. The new inverter family is also fully integrated into the Sinvert webmonitor tool which can be used for worldwide access and analysis of inverter and PV plant data.

Sinvert PVM inverters will initially be available in 10 kW, 13 kW, and 17 kW, while a 20 kW addition is in the pipeline and Siemens now offers PV inverters with a range of over 20 different power ratings up to 2 MW.

According to the company, its strategy is backed by a recent IMS Research study which concluded that the PV plant market is expected to grow by at least 30% annually until 2013, with the expectation that the growth rate will be disproportionately high in the commercial and power plant segment. Karlheinz Kaul, CEO of Siemens Systems Engineering Business Unit explained: ‘To address this growth market we are extending our product portfolio to include the new powerful Sinvert PVM inverter for medium-sized commercial plants.’ Initially, the company says, the devices will be available in Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Spain.

Competition, Co-operation and Consolidation

Higher efficiency, better communications and more sophisticated management systems, improved reliability, lower costs and a reduction in materials, all these factors map out a clear direction within the PV inverter sector that leads, inevitably, to the lowest cost of ownership. Certainly, as with the rest of the PV manufacturing sector, inverter companies are striving for grid parity and as a vital part in the PV value chain it is essential that they continue to do so. An equally strong market driver comes from the flood of interest in larger PV installations in Europe, the US, and elsewhere which has seen the rapid emergence of a new breed of player with large-scale manufacturing and commercial expertise. Evidently a more competitive inverter market will emerge in the coming years and potentially a wave of consolidation and industrial alliances as inverter companies forge stronger links with module manufacturers and system integrators in order to squeeze every last usable morsel from the sun’s harvest. In any event, advances in inverter technologies, architecture and manufacture signal a cost benefit to the consumer, and, ultimately, a far greater benefit to the environment.

David Appleyard is associate editor of Renewable Energy World. e-mail. rew@pennwell.com